Food And Drug Administration ( Fda ) - 871 Words

According to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the definition of a drug includes the following; â€Å"a substance recognized by an official pharmacopoeia or formulary. A substance intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease. A substance (other than food) intended to affect the structure or any function of the body. A substance intended for use as a component of a medicine, but not a device or a component, part or accessory of a device. Biological products are included within this definition and are generally covered by the same laws and regulations, but differences exist regarding their manufacturing processes (chemical process versus biological process)† (F.D.A. 2012). Making medications safe, efficacious and affordable have been a long lime pursuit by the US government, pharmaceutical industries and advocacy groups and ordinary citizens of the US. This responsibility started with regulations of vaccines in early 19th century by the government. At the time infectious disease was a major killer in the whole world and vaccines have been proven to be effective in combating infectious. However, the techniques and standards available today were not available then but some sort of regulation still needed to be put in place to ensure safety. After over a century following the vaccines act, some progress was made as regards drug policies and making medication safer amongst which includes the pure food and drug act of 1906 which isShow MoreRelatedSupplements : Dietary Supplements, As Defined By The Fda ( U.s. Food And Drug Administration1344 Words   |  6 PagesIETARY SUPPLEMENTS Dietary supplements, as defined by the FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration), are products intended for ingestion which contain any ingredients which add further nutritional value to the diet. Dietary supplements fall under the food category and consist vitamins, minerals, herbs, amino acids, metabolites, extracts (U.S. Food and Drug and Administration (FDA), 2015). Supplements are taken by many people to assist in the building of muscle and to assist in recovery after workoutsRead MoreThe Lack Of Regulation From The Food And Drug Administration ( Fda ) On Electronic Cigarette Products2292 Words   |  10 PagesThe lack of regulation from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on electronic cigarette products is creating a desire for state and local governments to enact laws aimed to address their usage (Balakit, 2014). In Maryland, House Bill 0026, Clean Indoor Air Act – Use of Electronic Smoking Devices – Prohibition, was intended to make the use of electronic cig arettes (e-cigarettes), â€Å"battery-operated devices that contain nicotine cartridges and other chemicals,† illegal in public places (SubramaniamRead MoreSafety Of Food And Drugs Consumption1448 Words   |  6 PagesSafety in food and drugs consumption is a necessity to consumers. It is the FDA s responsibility to ensure food and drug safety for the public. That’s why the FDA is what happens when agency within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) responsible for ensuring the safety and effectiveness. As the Food and Drug Administration Progresses it had became a reliable source for Americans .President Theodore Roosevelt signed the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act in 1938 to provide the publicRead MoreRegulatory Agency Paper1549 Words   |  7 Pages Federal Drug and Food Administration â€Å"The Federal Drug Administration is an agency within the Department of Health and Human Services. The FDA organization consist of the Office of Commissioner and four directorates overseeing four core functions of the agency: Medical Products, and Tobacco, Foods, Global Regulatory Operations, and Policy, and Operations† (FDA, 2011). The FDA is responsible ensuring the safety of the public by makingRead MoreRegulatory Agency: Food and Drug Administration Essay1617 Words   |  7 PagesAgency: Food and Drug Administration Victoria Steele University of Phoenix Regulatory Agency: Food and Drug Administration The regulation of all areas of health care in The United States falls to The United States Department of Health and Human. One such area is the regulation on medications dispensed within the United States. The section of The United States Department of Health and Human Services responsible for regulation on medications is the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). WhereasRead MoreShould Drugs Be Safe For Consumption?1688 Words   |  7 Pagesthese medications will benefit your health? How do you know that the drugs are safe for you? Every day, men and women enter hospitals because of a doctor’s appointment or because of an infirmity. Most of them will have prescribed drugs from doctors, but none of them will question of the effectiveness and safety of the pharmaceuticals. There are also many other ways to obtain drugs like through a local drug store, but the drugs are considered to be safe for consumption. This is because the UnitedRead MoreThe Food and Drug Adminstratio n Essay1384 Words   |  6 PagesThe Food and Drug Administration Over the last one hundred and eighty years, The United States has had numerous kinds of, chemist, doctors, politicians and concerns citizens that came together to form different types of groups and agencies to oversee consumer products and meet minimal guidelines. Over the decades the guidelines have become stricter with emphasis on intense processing and regulations on consumer products. During these early years, there were no federal agencies to protectRead MoreFood And Drug Administration V Brown Williamson940 Words   |  4 PagesFood Drug Administration v. Brown Williamson 529 U.S. 120 (2000) Parties: 1) Petitioner- Food Drug Administration 2) Respondent- Brown Williamson Tobacco Corporation Facts: The Food and Drug Administration issued a rule in 1996 that prohibited the tobacco products labeling, promotion, and availability to young people (children and adolescents). The FDA claimed that as per Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA), it had authority to regulate tobacco products because nicotineRead MoreFood And Drug Act Of 19061565 Words   |  7 PagesEveryday you consume things may it be food, drinks, or prescription drugs. Most people will just absent mindedly intake these products subconsciously knowing that they are monitored by government organizations ensuring your safety. It has not always been that was and has progressed greatly throughout the years. although all consumer safety organizations may not be reputable, they do much more good than harm. Consumer safety is something that is extremely important to the American family, and hasRead MoreFood Safety And Security : Usda And Fda1530 Words   |  7 PagesFood Safety and Security: USDA and FDA Abstract The USDA and FDA have been resources for the United States of America to turn to in regards to policies and procedures dealing with food safety and security. In this report you will find the histories of the USDA and FDA, how humans, animals and the environment are benefited by these organizations and new policies that the USDA and FDA have released recently. Historical Background †¢ Up until the mid-1800’s people s main concern when it

The Preventive Services Task Force Recommends On Doing

What if the proper age to get mammograms would drop to the age of 50 instead of 40? According to Ph.D. Diana Zuckerman and Ph.D. Anna E. Mazzucco, this is what the â€Å"U.S. Preventative Services Task Force recommends† on doing (Zuckerman, Mazzucco 1). This is a big change in women, since now they may feel more comfortable with the idea of getting mammograms done, but at a later age. Mammograms have been used for a while now and they have proven to save lives of women. People might argue that mammograms are not effective, but they are if they save lives. In a women’s life, it is essential to have mammograms so they can detect abnormalities or cancers that can be developed. With this they can save their lives and protect their loved ones from a tragedy that can happen. Which is why I propose that there should be an organization that informs women on the benefits of mammograms and how they can save their lives. In today’s society, women are not getting their mammo grams done because they feel they are not necessary or because they are afraid of the results of the mammograms. Since women do not get their mammograms done, they are exposed to breast cancer. According to the National Cancer Institute, women who get mammograms, reduce about â€Å"15% to 20% in mortality from breast cancer† (â€Å"National Cancer Institute† 1). If women would increase the rate of getting mammograms, there will be less deaths in women. Mammograms have different benefits, according to BREASTCANCER.org are, whenShow MoreRelatedNotes on Health Screening1700 Words   |  7 Pagesdaily, moderate exercise 5 days per week, no significant personal medical history. Screening Recommendations Blood Pressure Cholesterol Colon and Rectal Cancer Dental Health Diabetes Eye Health Weight The U.S. Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends that men between the age of 45-79 utilize aspirin for the possible advantage of decreasing the risks and probabilities of a myocardial infarction. The risk to benefit ratio of using aspirin is warranted to surpass the risk of gastrointestinalRead MoreProstate Cancer and PSA Testing Essay1252 Words   |  6 Pagesapproach of screening and treating PCa. In 2002 USPSTF gave PSA screening grade of I; concluding there was insufficient evidence to recommend before or against and then it was revisited in 2008, and now it has been made it a grade D recommendation (Chou, 2011). A grade D recommendation means that the USPSTF concluded there is at least moderate certainty that the harms of doing the intervention equal or outweigh the benefits in the target population. This recommendation also advises against a DRE becauseRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Diabetes Essay1270 Words   |  6 Pagesyear old white man who comes into the clinic with a chief complaint of feeling weak. 2. History of Present Illness: The patient comes into his primary care physician office complaining of feeling weak. He tells the doctor that he feels tired after doing normal activities; as well as, feeling more thirsty and hungry. Also, he said that he has noticed that his has gained about ten pounds within this past half year. Objective: 1. Past Medical History: †¢ Hypertension for the past 20 years †¢ OsteoarthritisRead MoreEffects Of Smoking On The United States1841 Words   |  8 Pagescancers are some of the associated health problems that may occur with cigarette smoking. According to the U.S. Department of Health Human Services (2015), since 1964 more than 20 million Americans have died from cigarette smoking and 8.6 million people live with a serious illness caused by smoking. Statistics from the U.S. Department of Health Human Services (2015) indicate that 9 out of 10 lung cancers and 8 out of 10 COPD deaths are the result of smoking. Research studies suggest that adolescentsRead MoreCardiovascular Diseases ( Cvds ) Are A Group Of Disorders Of The Heart And Blood Vessels881 Words   |  4 Pagesprocess. The intended target population is the â€Å"100 million people with risk factors (e.g., high cholesterol, high blood pressure, smoking, obesity, diabetes) could benefit from effective risk factor detection and control.† The US Preventive Services Task Fo rce recommends routine screening for hypertension, lipid disorders, obesity, and tobacco use (Eyre 2014). It is best to have risk factors diagnosed early for the best possible prevention and treatment. In order to limit tobacco use the governmentRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article Maternal Postpartum Depressive Symptoms And Infant Externalizing And Internal Behaviors 1395 Words   |  6 Pageshousing conditions† a study was discussed suggesting that postpartum depression serves as a risk factor for inadequate housing conditions (Corman, 2015, p. 76). A cohort study was performed consisting of 2965 mothers and children in an urban area. Doing this study during the postpartum year is important because it allows the leaders of the study to focus on housing conditions at a critical period for a child’s health and mental development (Corman, 2015, p. 76). The results of this study proved thatRead MoreDiabetes : A Healthy And Well Balanced Life Is A Goal For Many People2553 Words   |  11 Pagestheir goal is to reduce the disease and economic burden of diabetes mellitus and improve the quality of life for all persons who have, or are at risk for, diabetes mellitus (Diabetes | Healthy People 2020, n.d.) Though very few people receive proper preventive care, diabetes has become a difficult public health challenge but there are self-management methods to keep the disease under control. There are specific behaviors that health educators and Healthy People 2020 encourage for the population to adoptRead MoreCape Cod s Heroin Addiction Called Epidemic1521 Words   |  7 Pagesis an important thing to do. The people who hold the supply and sell it are bigger criminals than the addicts. By arresting the people higher up in the supply chain, you are catching the criminals and cutting off the supply. The police have started doing so in the recent years. An article in The Falmouth Enterprise titled â€Å"Cape Cod’s Heroin Addiction Called Epidemicâ₠¬  talks about how Falmouth police in the last couple years have been arresting more and more â€Å"high ranking† drug dealers. While this newRead Moremanageing business3482 Words   |  14 PagesBTEC level 4 in AMS-LONDON College By Lodoisambuu Bazar To Francis Nwofor Table of Content Task 1 1.1. Evaluate the interrelationship between the different processes and functions of the organization 1.2. Identify and justify the methodology you would use to map processes to the organization’s goals and objectives 1.3. Evaluate the output of the process and the quality gateways Task 2 2.1. Design plans which promote goals and objectives for own area of responsibility 2.2. WriteRead MorePrevention Of Stds : Dangerous And Wide Spread Diseases2297 Words   |  10 Pagesto prostitution to earn living which leaves them vulnerable to STDs. This doesn’t mean other people who are not a parent do not get affected economically. Most people who from AIDS are teenagers to old men. For a developing country if the work force dies it becomes economically unstable. Soldiers are more likely to get affected with STDs than a person in general population. AIDS affected orphans have the worst of the problems unable to go school and find no employment when they grow up. Providing

The Thousand and One Nights Abridged, Restructured Free Essays

Jeff Stephens Dr. Swenson English 2111 11-22-11 The Thousand and One Nights: Abridged, Restructured, but Ever Lasting You may have read the story many times; you may have even watched the live-action movie or animated film, but only a few have been able to discern the unique traits inherent in The Thousand and One Nights. Willis G. We will write a custom essay sample on The Thousand and One Nights: Abridged, Restructured or any similar topic only for you Order Now Regier, a writer for World Literature Today, wrote that â€Å"the Nights has been read, admired, studied, illustrated, adapted for the stage, and Disneyfied† (321). The traits that I would like you to remember are how I used interruption to structure the story and how I implemented love within the stories to help me win back King Shahrayar’s trust and pacify his fear of psychosexual replacement. While telling the king stories of grandeur and impossibility, I snuck in little snippets of truth and morality. Richard Burton, once said, â€Å"Without the nights, no Arabian nights,† by which he meant that in dividing the story into separate evenings it was given structure and without that structure The Arabian Nights would be no more than a collection of short stories (qtd. n Van Leeuwen 183). Burton could not have been any more correct. However, I would also like to point out that without the nights themselves, my own story would have ended long before the king changed his mind in the case of my death sentence. Structure in a story like The Arabian Nights is like the branches of a tree that bears fruit; not every branch will produce the fruit, but all the branches will have leaves to help collect the energy to make the fruit. In the same way that a tree bears its fruit, my mini-stories bear the fruit of change within King Shahrayar’s heart. Through my stories, I was able to help the king reclaim some of the hope, understanding, and even love that he had once lost because of his unfaithful wife. I also showed him that women could yet be good and kind, faithful and true, and be intelligent without the wickedness which so many other storytellers have been unwilling to show over the centuries. Van Leeuwen wrote an excellent article that mentions how odd it must seem in my breaking up the stories with the nights, but he also says that by breaking them up I multiplied the dimensions and meanings within the stories themselves and gave a kind of fluidity to the whole thing. I like Van Leeuwen’s interpretation of my actions. He describes the most basic interruption as the break between the fantasy world of the stories that I tell and the world of the frame story in which I, myself, take part. Incidentally, he did his homework on the subject. During that time it was quite usual for my people to use frame stories in order to create a more profound and comprehensive anthology. In using these frame stories, rather than teaching a lesson directly to the listener, we can teach vicariously through the understanding of the frame story’s characters’ understandings. When I decided to try and save the rest of the kingdom’s women from our vengeful king I knew that a direct approach would never work, so I had to drop him coy little hints in the form of fairytales, bedtime stories, and religious parables and sayings. Although a king be a foolish man, it doesn’t make him less of a king, it just means he is less of a man. So, using the art of interruptive story telling has been around for a very long time, even long before my own time, but Van Leeuwen has a much better grasp on the many useful techniques that using frame stories and interruptive techniques can yield as well as how they help to structure a story by allowing intervals between different perspectives. Van Leeuwen also describes how the stories that I told King Shahrayar could be directly related to the frame story in which he experiences so many wrongs on behalf of women. My poor husband was practically raped by a woman being held captive by a demon, he was cheated on in his own home by his wife and a common servant, and he watched as his brother suffered the same disgrace in multiplicity. Van Leeuwen says, â€Å"As a mechanism for the generation of meanings, the juxtaposition of viewpoints enhances the cycle’s character as an initiation into new forms of knowledge† (185). Throughout the stories there are always several characters that give an account from their own perspective about what has happened in the past in order to help the reader’s and the protagonist’s understanding of the problem and how to remedy the situation properly. When I told the story about the fisherman and the demon, for instance, the demon was fixated on killing the fisherman because no one else had come to release him in hundreds of years. However, the way the fisherman saw it, the demon owed him a reward for being the one to release him after so much time. Allowing both parties to speak their thoughts about the situation in conversation made it much easier to discern a mediation point. In other words, knowing both sides of the story helped to rectify the situation amicably for both parties in the end. I was trying the show the king that jumping to conclusions is never a good way to solve a problem. His ex-wife’s betrayal leads him to pronounce vows with a new woman each day and then break those vows by killing them the next so that they would not have a chance to betray him first. I was able to slowly give meaningful and constructive criticism of King Shahrayar’s decisions over the course of many nights and because of that criticism he changed on the inside. He became whole again, with an understanding that he had found a woman (myself) that would never betray him. Throughout my Thousand and One Nights, love is a catalyst to reveal the true nature of the person within a given character, because love defines us. Love of one’s self versus love for others, love of money versus love of one’s family, love for love’s sake versus love for the sake of sex and wiles. Wills G. Regier pointed out that â€Å"Love is everywhere†, and I could not agree more. Within every expression of love there is a story to be told about those involved and the feeling of love in and of itself. I told King Shahrayar stories of this sort each night, some with violence and murder, some with mystery and suspense, and some with sexual escapades. OK, a lot with sexual escapades. I practically bored the man to sleep some nights! I had to improvise to continue to keep his interest in my stories, but I always tried to find ways to wrap them up with love. My king seemed to have forgotten what love really was, so I needed to remind him of the feeling he so desperately sought even if, to begin with, it was sought unconsciously. Regier actually nailed it when he said that I gave King Shahrayar spiritual instruction a couple of times (311). I was attempting to do just that by reciting proverbs and Muhammad’s sayings. I was attempting (and apparently successfully so) to help him regain his moralistic views and understandings of the world. Love plays a large role in one’s understanding of how people view each other and how and why the react in the ways that they do. He needed to understand that part of why he reacted to his ex-wife in such an over-the-top manner was because he loved her so much that it hurt him more deeply than anything had ever hurt him before. He needed to understand that love and the loss of love was what drove him to such drastic measures. John J. Brugaletta wrote an interesting essay about my stories regarding the different allegorical properties from which new knowledge could be gleaned when comparing the situations in the stories to situations in real life (7). He was right, I was providing stories that the king could relate to at the time. There seemed to be some ominous trend in the women of my day to be more sexually attracted to black men. Honestly, it was probably more to do with the fact that black slaves tended to be in better physical condition than the white nobility, sitting in their lush palaces, eating meat and drinking wine all day, and going on hunts for pleasure rather than out of necessity. Some of King Shahrayar’s emotional issues undoubtedly stemmed from his seeming fear of â€Å"psychosexual† replacement by the black slaves. Brugaletta says that â€Å"the societies in which this book took form were preoccupied with a sense of inadequacy in sexual competition with blacks† (6). One way or another, every story could be directly proportionalized with King Shahrayar’s own life-experiences. I engineered the stories to reflect King Shahrayar’s mishaps in a kind-of worse-case scenario type of schema to help him reconcile with his unhappiness and help him to understand that while his wife was at fault in cheating on him, so was he in his exacting vengeance upon all the women of his kingdom because of one woman’s infidelity. While my king and husband listened to my stories, I was able to postpone my own demise and prevent others from falling to the same fate as my predecessors. As long as I kept the man intrigued, the king stayed his bloody hands. I showed him through my stories that he was missing out on living life and he understood that although he had become an angry, bitter tyrant, he could change his ways and become a loving husband and king again. Through my stories, he was able to trust women and believe in their goodness again. Works Cited Brugaletta, John J. The Arabian Nights’ Entertainments. † Masterplots, Fourth Edition (2010): 1-6. Literary Reference Center. Web. 22 Nov. 2011. Lawall, Sarah N. , and Maynard Mack. The Norton Anthology of World Literature. Second ed. Vol. B. New York: Norton, 2002. Print. Leeuwen, Richard Van. â€Å"The Art Of Interruption: The Thousand And One Nights And Jan Potocki. † Middle Eastern Literatures 7. 2 (2004): 183-198. Academic Search Compl ete. Web. 22 Nov. 2011. Regier, Wills G. â€Å"Shahrazad’s New Clothes. † World Literature Today 84. 2 (2010): 30-34. Academic Search Complete. Web. 22 Nov. 2011. How to cite The Thousand and One Nights: Abridged, Restructured, Essay examples

An Economic Psychological Approach to Herd Behavior free essay sample

More recently, issues relating to herd behavior have again caught the eye of economists and management scholars. In 2003, Marlene Fiol and Edward O’Connor, for instance, maintained that the decisions of individuals to do whatever anyone else is doing can be applied to decision-making processes in organizational settings. In the economic approach, however, the concept is turned into something which differs from herd behavior in social psychology. As a result, researchers in the social sciences these days face inconsistent conceptions of herd behavior. Herd behavior, however, cannot be fully understood from a single perspective alone. What was argued by John R. Commons (1934) for economics and psychology in general could also be applied to the study of herd behavior. Although both disciplines ask what herd behavior is, the economic perspective primarily is to focus on long- term effects, to study the value of (partaking in) herd behavior and how much one can benefit from it. We will write a custom essay sample on An Economic Psychological Approach to Herd Behavior or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The motivations underlying herd behavior are viewed in terms of the choices they produce. With respect to this mainstream economics approach, Geoffrey Hodgson (1993) came to the conclusion that, in doing so, many economists have taken individual motivations and preferences as given, because â€Å"the essential aspects of human personality and motivation are conceived of as independent of the social relations with others† (236). The psychological perspective, on the other hand, is to account for the subjective value of herd behavior per se. By asking â€Å"why† and â€Å"when† it occurs, the motivations underlying herd behavior are more broadly viewed in terms of the processes involved. With respect to the mainstream psychological approach, however, Jaap van Ginneken (2003, 2004) concluded that, in doing so, psychologists have hardly paid any attention to the influence which institutional settings may have. Especially when studying herd behavior in the business environment, one needs to answer the â€Å"why† and â€Å"when† of herding on both the individual and institutional level in order to understand the â€Å"how† and â€Å"how much† of it. In this paper, first the problem of herd behavior is made clear via the historical development of the concept in economics and social psychology. Accordingly, the focus is on differences between the approaches. second, an integrated economic psychological approach to herd behavior is proposed, attempting to overcome theoretical and methodological differences. To demonstrate its importance and to illustrate the theoretical and methodological problems that need to be overcome, the framework is applied to decision making in the presence of groupthink, a form of herd behavior that tends to be more problematic within institutional settings Source: redOrbit (http://s. tt/15Ydz)